Which term best describes the division of power between the national government and the states?

• A. Separation of powers
• B. Checks and balances
• C. Judicial review
• D. Federalism

Answer: (D)

Dividing power between the national government and the states is described by federalism. Federalism is the constitutional arrangement in which sovereignty is shared between a central government and regional governments, with each level exercising certain powers. The national government handles matters like defense and interstate commerce, while states retain authority over local issues such as education, law enforcement, and transportation policy; and some powers are shared or subject to federal standards. The Supremacy Clause and the Tenth Amendment illustrate how these powers are allocated and how federal law can override state law in areas where the Constitution allows it. This concept is different from separation of powers, which splits government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances, which prevents any one branch from dominating; and judicial review, which enables courts to interpret and strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Understanding federalism explains why policy can vary by state within a single nation.