Which design feature did Madison believe would prevent majorities from oppressing minorities?

• A. A large republic
• B. Direct democracy
• C. A strong federal judiciary with life tenure
• D. A strict moral code for voters

Answer: (C)

The main idea Madison emphasizes is the protection of minority rights through an independent judiciary. By having judges with life tenure, the judiciary remains insulated from elections and political pressure, allowing it to apply the Constitution even when a majority seeks to push through laws that would oppress minorities. This independence creates a check on legislative power and provides a stable guardian of constitutional rights, preventing popular passions from overriding due process and protections for the minority.

Direct democracy would put majorities in direct control, risking minority oppression. While a large republic spreads power and can reduce faction influence, it isn’t the specific safeguard Madison highlighted for protecting minority rights through judicial restraint. A strict moral code for voters is not a constitutional design.