The Founders—and George Washington in particular—thought of political parties as

• A. The primary means of communication between voters and representatives.
• B. "Factions" motivated by ambition and self-interest.
• C. A necessary element of democratic political processes.
• D. A useful device for purposes of recruitment.

Answer: (B)

The Founders viewed political parties as factions that form around competing interests and personal ambition, rather than neutral, purely democratic instruments. George Washington, in particular, warned that the spirit of party could divide the nation, crowd out the public good, and pull leaders toward self-serving actions. This perspective reflects a worry that organized parties would privilege narrow interests over the common welfare, undermine deliberation, and threaten republican unity. While parties might seem to help coordinate opinions or mobilize voters, the prevailing view was that they are dangerous factions driven by ambition and self-interest, not essential or purely beneficial features of democracy.