In Federalist No. 10, Madison argued that factions are

• A. A more serious threat in a large republic
• B. Not likely to occur if people are honest
• C. Prevented by majority rule
• D. Natural but controllable by institutions

Answer: (D)

The test targets the idea that factions are a natural part of a free society, but their harmful effects can be limited by the way government is structured. In Federalist No. 10, Madison argues that liberty itself sows factions because people have different opinions and interests, and you can’t eliminate those differences without destroying liberty. The solution isn’t to suppress factions but to design institutions that curb their power. A large, diverse republic multiplies interests, making it harder for any single faction to dominate. Representation filters popular will through elected officials who refine and debate policy, while checks and balances and a separation of powers dilute any one group’s grip. Taken together, these features keep factional passions from overriding rights or stalling governance.

So factions are natural but controllable by institutional design. They aren’t prevented by people simply being honest, nor does majority rule alone guarantee safety from factional tyranny; instead, the structure of a large, representative, and balanced government provides the best guard against factional excess.